ئەز   Qaissar Guti Omo

Metal-organic framework (MOF)are a great advanced adsorption material for solid-phase extraction due to the structure modifications with functional groups like sulfur that enhance the adsorption of heavy metals. A new sulfur-rich three-dimensional two-linker MOF (MIL-53(Fe)) was synthesized by grafting 2-mercapto-2-thiazoline sulfur and nitrogen as the second linker and then applied as an adsorbent in pipette tip micro solid-phase extraction (PT-μSPE) for the determination of Pb (II) and Cd (II) in environmental water samples. The MOFs were characterized by FTIR, XRD, TGA, BET, and SEM, which provide evidence for its framework, thermal stability, surface area, and morphology. Optimizations of extraction parameters such as pH, sample volume, volume of desorption solvent, and acidity of desorption solvent were made to improve the analytical performance. Optimizations of extraction parameters such as pH, sample volume, volume of desorption solvent, and acidity of desorption solvent were made to improve the analytical performance. In the optimal conditions, higher surface area and adsorbent capacity per adsorbent weight were obtained for the newly synthesized adsorbent containing sulfur and nitrogen when compared to MIL-53(Fe). The linearity range of the developed method was 0.2–55 μg L􀀀 1 for Pb (II) and 0.04–20 μg L􀀀 1 for Cd (II), while it displayed exceptional linearity (r2 > 0.99) and acceptable precision (RSD% ≤ 6.3). Thio-rich double-linker MIL-53 (Fe) as adsorbent in μSPE was applied for analysis spiked river, lake, groundwater, and wastewater samples with Pb (II) concentrations ranging from 5.0 to 20.0 μg L􀀀 1 and Cd (II) concentrations from 1.0 to 5.0 μg L􀀀 1, as well as standard reference materials. The results suggest that the double linker MIL-53(Fe) bearing thio-rich may offer greater adsorption capacity for Pb (II) and Cd (II) with a significantly lower detection limit compared to the original MIL-53(Fe).

Biomedical waste has the potential to be hazardous and cause environmental pollution, therefore its proper management and disposal, especially in hospitals and healthcare facilities, plays an important role in protecting both the environment and public health. Biomedical waste encompasses a diverse array of materials originating from patient care, research activities, and medical interventions, and inadequate handling poses significant hazards. Common disposal methods, such as incineration, have been associated with environmental contamination and the emission of harmful fumes. Biomedical waste poses health risks through the spread of infectious diseases, particularly via sharps injuries, and the release of toxic compounds into the environment. The hazardous category includes infectious, potentially hazardous, and radioactive waste, with around 10% of hospital waste deemed infectious according to the World Health Organization. Various disposal techniques, including burning, autoclaving, microwaving, shredding, landfilling, and chemical treatments, are employed globally, each with its own benefits and limitations. In this review, a classification of the various categories of biomedical waste and its effects, treatment and disposal methods are discussed. In summary, the substantial impact of biomedical waste on the environment and public health necessitates careful handling and adherence to regulations. The implementation of sustainable waste management practices, promotion of recycling, and adoption of innovative technologies are essential for mitigating the adverse effects of biomedical waste on the environment and local communities.